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Council of Ephesus

Ecumenical Ephesus, 431 AD · Convened by Emperor Theodosius II Decree + 12 Anathemas + 8 Canons

The Third Ecumenical Council met at Ephesus in 431 to address the Nestorian controversy. Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, had objected to calling Mary Theotokos (God-bearer / Mother of God), teaching instead that Mary bore only the human Christ. Cyril of Alexandria argued that this divided Christ into two persons. The council condemned Nestorius, affirmed Theotokos, and adopted Cyril's Twelve Anathemas as the standard of orthodoxy.

The Decree Against Nestorius

Our Lord Jesus Christ, who has been blasphemed by him, has through the present most holy Synod determined that the same Nestorius should be stripped of his episcopal dignity, and removed from the college of priests. For it is right that he who cannot partake of the divine mysteries because of the deceitfulness of his doctrine, should be deprived of the administration of them. The holy Synod therefore decrees that Nestorius has forfeited his episcopal dignity and is cast out from the priestly college.

We do not divide the terms used regarding our Lord Jesus Christ, and apply some personally to him as man, separately conceived, and others, as befitting God, to him who is the Word from the Father. There is one Lord Jesus Christ, even the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father as to his Godhead, and in the last days for us and for our salvation born of the Virgin Mary. He himself suffered in the flesh, rose from the dead, and ascended into heaven. (Phil. 2:6–11; Col. 2:9)

The Twelve Anathemas of Cyril of Alexandria

Adopted by the Council as the standard of Christological orthodoxy against Nestorianism.

Anathema I

If anyone will not confess that the Emmanuel is very God, and that therefore the Holy Virgin is the Mother of God (Theotokos), inasmuch as in the flesh she bore the Word of God made flesh: let him be anathema.

Anathema II

If anyone shall not confess that the Word of God the Father is united hypostatically to flesh, and that with that flesh of his own, he is one only Christ both God and man at the same time: let him be anathema.

Anathema III

If anyone shall divide in the one Christ the hypostases after the union, joining them by that connection alone, which happens according to worthiness, or even authority and power, and not rather by a coming together, which is made by natural or hypostatic union: let him be anathema.

Anathema IV

If anyone shall distribute between two Persons or Subsistences those things which are contained in the Evangelical and Apostolical writings, or which have been said concerning Christ by the Saints, or by himself, and shall apply some to him as to a man separate from the Word of God, and shall apply others to the only Word of God the Father, on the ground that they are fit to be applied to God: let him be anathema.

Anathema V

If anyone shall dare to say that the Christ is a Theophorus (that is, God-bearing) man and not rather that he is very God, as an only Son through nature, because "the Word was made flesh," and "hath a share in flesh and blood as we do": let him be anathema. (John 1:14; Heb. 2:14)

Anathema VI

If anyone shall dare to say that the Word of God the Father is the God or Lord of Christ, and shall not rather confess the same both God and man, the Word having been made flesh, according to the Scriptures: let him be anathema.

Anathema VII

If anyone shall say that Jesus as man was operated upon by the Word of God, and that the glory of the Only-begotten was attributed to him as to another existing beside him: let him be anathema.

Anathema VIII

If anyone shall dare to say that the assumed man ought to be worshipped and glorified together with the divine Word, and to be called God along with him, while being distinct from him; as if one were not able to give worship to Emmanuel and to proclaim him to be God, in the belief that the Word dwelt in him: let him be anathema.

Anathema IX

If anyone shall say that the one Lord Jesus Christ was glorified by the Holy Ghost, so that he used through him a power not his own and from him received power against unclean spirits and ability to work miracles before men, and shall not rather confess that it was his own Spirit through whom he worked these divine signs: let him be anathema.

Anathema X

Whosoever shall say that it is not the divine Word himself, when he became flesh and had become man as we are, but another one besides him, a man born of a woman, who is become our Great High Priest and Apostle; or if anyone shall say that he offered himself in sacrifice for himself and not rather for us alone (for he who knew no sin had no need of offering): let him be anathema. (Heb. 4:15; Heb. 7:26–27)

Anathema XI

If anyone shall not confess that the flesh of the Lord giveth life and that it pertains to the Word of God the Father as his very own, but shall pretend that it belongs to another person who is united with him merely in honor, and who has derived a divine indwelling and not rather that that flesh giveth life, as we said, because it became the flesh of the Word who is able to quicken all things: let him be anathema. (John 6:51)

Anathema XII

If anyone shall not acknowledge that the Word of God suffered in the flesh, that he was crucified in the flesh, and that likewise in that same flesh he tasted death and that he is become the first-begotten of the dead, for, as he is God, he is the life and it is he that giveth life: let him be anathema. (1 Pet. 4:1; Col. 1:18)

Selected Canons

Canon I — Confirmation of the Creed

Whosoever shall not confess that Emmanuel is very God, and that on this account the Holy Virgin is the Mother of God (Theotokos), since she begat after the flesh the Word of God made flesh, let him be anathema.

Canon IV — On Nestorius' Followers

If any of the clergy should fall away, and publicly or privately presume to maintain the doctrines of Nestorius or Caelestius, it is declared just by the holy Synod that these also should be deposed from their order.

Canon VII — On the Creed's Finality

When these things had been read, the holy Synod decreed that it is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicaea. But those who shall dare to compose a different faith, or to introduce or offer it to persons desiring to turn to the acknowledgment of the truth, whether from Heathenism or from Judaism, or from any heresy whatsoever, shall be deposed, if they be bishops or clergymen; bishops from the episcopate and clergymen from the clergy; and if they be laymen, they shall be anathematized.

Translation: Philip Schaff, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. XIV. Public domain.